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Rivers in India generally flow eastwards and empty into the Bay of Bengal. In contrast, the Narmada River flows westwards and meets the Arabian Sea, the only major river in the country to do so. What lies behind this unusual geographical phenomenon? Let us explore the secret of its flow, along with the river’s historical and spiritual significance, which sustains the livelihoods of millions. The Rift Valley Effect: Much of the Indian peninsula slopes towards the east, which is why rivers such as the Godavari and Krishna flow in that direction. However, the Narmada River flows westwards because it runs through a Rift Valley. This valley was created when the land between the Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges subsided. These fissures formed as the northern peninsula bent during the formation of the Himalayas. Since the valley tilts towards the west, the river also follows that gradient. This unique geographical condition applies only to the Narmada and Tapti rivers, which flow parallel to each other. The Narmada originates in the Amarkantak Hills, situated in the Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh, where the Vindhya and Satpura ranges meet. Emerging from this sacred region, the river travels for about 1,312 kilometres, passing through deep gorges, rocky terrains, and dense forests. It primarily flows through three states: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. After coursing through a vast expanse of Madhya Pradesh, it touches the border of Maharashtra and then enters Gujarat, where it finally merges with the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat near Bharuch. Other rivers such as the Tapti, Mahi, Sabarmati, and Luni also flow westwards. The Narmada is not merely a geological marvel; it is also one of the holiest rivers in Hinduism, personified as the goddess Narmada Devi. The river finds mention in several Puranas, and devotees believe that bathing in its waters cleanses one of all sins. It is often referred to as the ‘Lifeline of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat’, as it provides water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. Major projects such as the Sardar Sarovar Dam and the Indira Sagar Dam have been constructed on it. The fertile lands along its banks yield crops like wheat, cotton, and sugarcane. The Narmada’s journey is adorned with breathtaking natural formations. At Bhedaghat near Jabalpur, it flows between magnificent Marble Rocks, creating a spectacular sight. The famous Dhuandhar Waterfall here attracts countless visitors. The valley is also rich in ancient fossils and stone tools, offering insights into early human life, making it a site of significant geological importance.
