By Dean Stattmann

Copyright gq

In the Wild West of nutritional supplements, there is a relatively small handful of things we absolutely know to be true—one of them being that creatine benefits are real. Five grams of creatine monohydrate per day, together with regular resistance training and proper nutrition, can help you build muscle and get stronger. It’s not bro science. It’s science, bro.
And yet, despite creatine being one of the most exhaustively researched supplements available, scientists continue to put it under the microscope, enticed by its potentially game-changing impact on one muscle in particular: your brain.
“We already know a lot about how creatine is stored in muscles and can help increase muscular strength, endurance, and recovery, but growing research seems to indicate that creatine is similarly stored in the brain, resulting in a wide range of potential mental and cognitive benefits,” says Ashley Koff, RD, nutrition course director for UC Irvine’s Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute’s Integrative and Functional Medicine Fellowship.
Specifically, beyond the muscular benefits we’re already aware of, “there is a growing amount of evidence showing that higher doses of creatine—beyond the standard five grams daily—may have some cognitive performance-enhancing capacity,” says Jason Sonners, DC, PhD, a longevity and recovery expert leading research at the University of Miami’s Department of Molecular Biology.
“Newer research is showing us that, in higher doses, we can increase the amount of creatine crossing the blood-brain barrier for increased energy production inside the brain,” Dr. Sonners says.
If this sounds like a major breakthrough, that’s because it just might be. We asked experts to break down all the trustworthy research on this topic, and for their recommendations on how you can take advantage of creatine’s potential brain-boosting benefits.
Which hyped up creatine benefits are actually backed by science?
We know from recent research, like a 2024 study by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, published in the journal Nature, that we can indeed increase brain creatine levels by taking creatine supplements. But here’s the thing—and this is important: Your brain runs a tight ship, and just because you throw more creatine at it, that doesn’t mean it’s going to use it—at least, not under normal conditions.
Put another way, the science shows us that creatine’s ability to benefit your brain is at its best when you’re, well, not at yours.
“Brain levels appear tightly regulated and may rise only modestly with supplementation, unless the brain is energy-stressed or baseline creatine is low,” i.e., if you’re sleep-deprived, stressed out, or not getting enough creatine through your diet, says Zishan Khan, MD, board-certified psychiatrist with Mindpath Health, who notes that creatine has shown “mixed or null effects on broader executive functions in healthy, rested adults.”
That being said, creatine’s potential to pick up the slack when your brain is tired or stressed (or a bit of both) is well worth the hype the supplement has recently been receiving on social media for its purported ability to reverse up to 21 hours of sleep deprivation.
“That 21-hour sleep deprivation example isn’t just anecdotal,” says Luke Barr, MD, board-certified neurologist and director of neurology at Deaconess Health System, who points out that peer-reviewed research, like this 2024 trial published in the journal Nature, has found creatine to be especially adept at blunting the negative effects of fatigue, stress, and other forms of cognitive impairment.
“Among the studied outcomes, processing speed and working memory under cognitive stress are the most replicated,” says Dr. Barr—citing research including a 2018 meta-analysis published in the journal Experimental Gerontology, which found creatine to significantly improve short-term memory and reasoning, and, more recently, a 2024 study review by researchers at Guizhou Normal University in China that identified modest but consistent improvements in processing speed and focus. “Each of these studies helps validate creatine’s role as a nootropic in cognitively stressed brains,” he says.
Meanwhile, researchers continue to surface new brain health benefits, like this promising 2023 review published in the journal Sports Medicine that uncovered creatine’s potential to mitigate the effects of depression, anxiety, and even traumatic brain injuries such as concussion.
How much creatine do you need to take in order to reap these brain-boosting benefits?
While a daily dose of five grams has been well established as the ideal for improving muscular strength and size, the precise serving of creatine required to capitalize on the mental benefits is yet to be determined, although it’s likely considerably higher. “This is because the creatine must pass through the blood-brain barrier,” which presents a tougher hurdle than skeletal muscle tissue, says Leigh Erin Connealy, MD, medical director at the Center for New Medicine.
Based on the daily dosages used in clinical trials that have reported the biggest impact on cognition, experts who spoke to GQ recommend between 10 and 25 grams, and dividing servings into smaller doses throughout the day, which Dr. Connealy says can help improve the transportation of creatine into brain tissue.
It’s also worth noting that none of the experts we consulted advised sustaining these high levels for longer than four to eight weeks, recommending instead that taking an especially high dosage of creatine to boost your brain should be reserved for shorter-term periods when you expect to experience heightened stress or less sleep.
Alternatively, when it comes to counteracting the effects of acute sleep deprivation or cognitive stress with relatively immediate effect, Dr. Barr says that research has also demonstrated promising results with a single dose of between 20 and 25 grams. “I am a firm believer of the benefits and take 20 grams on days after I notice I sleep poorly,” says Dr. Khan.
Are there any risks?
Creatine is widely recognized as one of the safest supplements out there. And in the event that side effects occur, they tend to be limited to relatively benign conditions like gastrointestinal discomfort or bloating. Of course, everybody is different, and you should always consult with your doctor before quadrupling your daily creatine intake—especially if you have any known health conditions.
“In rare cases, individuals with preexisting kidney disease should avoid high-dose protocols without physician oversight,” says Dr. Barr. “Otherwise, it’s one of the most well-studied and safest supplements on the market.”