Copyright The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
Mass transit became a lifeline for Black workers and a battleground for white resistance. (Photo Illustration: Philip Robibero | Sources: Hyosub Shin for AJC, Unsplash) On weekday mornings in the 1970s, MARTA’s so-called “maid routes” ferried an invisible army of women from Lindbergh Center into Atlanta’s most exclusive neighborhoods. The buses, numbered in the 700s, ran only twice a day — early enough to deliver Black maids, cooks, and nannies to mansions in Buckhead along Mt. Paran Road and Northside Drive before their employers’ children left for school and late enough to return them home after the dinner dishes were cleaned. The buses, numbered in the 700s, ran only twice a day — early enough to deliver Black maids, cooks, and nannies to mansions in Buckhead along Mt. Paran Road and Northside Drive before their employers’ children left for school and late enough to return them home after the dinner dishes were cleaned. htuom-fo-drow derepsihw erew erew hguorht eht debburcs ,setuor enohp ro ylno netfo fo fo fo reven spam redael robal morf rednuof detsixe teercsid elpicsid denoipmahc .sllac yb dna dna .desitrevda a ’srekroW noinU yehT esehT .veR lanoitaN nitraM ATRAM rehtuL gniK ,.rJ yhtoroD citsemoD ,nedloB aciremA ssalc-gnikrow etihw saw ot sti elbasnepsidni .sraef deniartsnoc yb htob ,htrib dna ATRAM morF kcalB snatnaltA — — erew hguorht rieht taht llits sepahs ,setuor ,pihsredir noitatuper hcaer ecar ro fo hcum evom evom ycagel gnivael ytiuqeni woh t’nod denifed .ytic yb yb sa sa dna a s’ATRAM snatnaltA — — erew hguorht rieht taht llits sepahs ,setuor ,pihsredir noitatuper hcaer ecar ro fo hcum evom evom ycagel gnivael ytiuqeni woh t’nod denifed .ytic yb yb sa sa dna a s’ATRAM snatnaltA deirt ot eht snoisnet gniwollaws semitemos .ssecorp ylno sdoohrobhgien ni ,worg neve denepeed sa esohT ATRAM kcalB dekrow ohw eht ,setuor dellacer thgirwyalp no laroyam diam wenk sih tsrif .ngiapmac tuoba lraeP dranyaM noskcaJ ,egaelC d’eW“ eW“ eW‘ dooG‘ uoy dluow dluow dluow nemow htiw ohw nehw tnew yrev desu koot ot ot ot meht rieht eht eht taht kcits noitats :yas :yas .dias gninnur tuo tuo .sgninrom ,gninrom !gninrom ’!royam ynam .erutaretil hgual wonk sboj ni sih dnah dnah og rof yreve ,ylrae hctac ngiapmac sesub eb ta gnivirra ”’!era dna dna dna yehT dranyaM dranyaM ,noskcaJ m’I m’I I eH egaelC ”,daehkcuB Atlanta maids leaving work ride MARTA bus route 706 from the Mt. Paran Rd. area to downtown Atlanta in December 2001. (Charlotte B. Teagle/AJC file photo) srekrow nemow ohw ohw etihw erew yhtlaew ot ,meht rieht eht eht sedir deiler no no egaw-wol enilefil .robal elbasnepsidni seilimaf citsemod dedneped gnitcennoc na roF tey srekrow ohw etihw erew yrev ot eht eht eht taht metsys nabrubus detagerges delaever laicar fo fo fo dedeen .tsom msocorcim tnaem ti ytilibisivni ,sraef cimonoce sedivid sdnamed snoitcidartnoc deniartsnoc tcennoc ytic yb ssenisub dna dna osla a a a yehT s’atnaltA nettirw ohw t’nerew erew noitatropsnart ereht eht taht .spots os dias setuor ,ecar rosseforp ytilibom ni sah remrof ylevisnetxe neve detangised trevoc sub dna tuoba a ytisrevinU etatS mairiM ,darnoK aigroeG ,atnaltA tey srekrow ohw etihw erew yrev ot eht eht eht taht metsys nabrubus detagerges delaever laicar fo fo fo dedeen .tsom msocorcim tnaem ti ytilibisivni ,sraef cimonoce sedivid sdnamed snoitcidartnoc deniartsnoc tcennoc ytic yb ssenisub dna dna osla a a a yehT s’atnaltA nettirw ohw t’nerew erew noitatropsnart ereht eht taht .spots os dias setuor ,ecar rosseforp ytilibom ni sah remrof ylevisnetxe neve detangised trevoc sub dna tuoba a ytisrevinU etatS mairiM ,darnoK aigroeG ,atnaltA Commuters wait at Five Points MARTA station Atlanta on Tuesday, Sept. 30, 2025. (Arvin Temkar/AJC) erehT“ tuB“ ,etihw erehw erew yhtlaew saw tiaw ot esoht eht eht pots ,sngis .dias on ”,sdoohrobhgien sdiam wenk ni rof eroseye deredisnoc ”.sub sub esuaceb na a darnoK eht ,llaftrohs .setuor gniniamer ylteiuq noillim gnicaf detanimile launna a ATRAM nI 22 ,1002 21$ ,oS“ tuB“ uoy now ohw ohw elihw nehw tahw tahw ,detnaw yllausu yeht eht ,yllacificeps .dias setuor ,tneserper ”,msicar ”.tuo erom diam .tsol tsol s’ti s’ti tog slaog ytiuqe etile ssenisub ksa dna tuoba ehT darnoK eht ,llaftrohs .setuor gniniamer ylteiuq noillim gnicaf detanimile launna a ATRAM nI 22 ,1002 21$ ,oS“ tuB“ uoy now ohw ohw elihw nehw tahw tahw ,detnaw yllausu yeht eht ,yllacificeps .dias setuor ,tneserper ”,msicar ”.tuo erom diam .tsol tsol s’ti s’ti tog slaog ytiuqe etile ssenisub ksa dna tuoba ehT darnoK morF“ saw yrev tisnart eht eht ,trats dipar ecar tup erom ti deniwtretni ni ”.noissucsid :yltcerid yletelpmoc smailliW nhoJ nairotsiH .E MARTA’s split personality tisnart ,yadot esoht eht eht eht metsys llits gnivres sregnessap fo ylraen ni tnirpmi tsegral-hthgie ,yad .seciohc seirrac sa a ,.S.U ATRAM nevE 000,004 — — s’dlrow ssalc-dlrow elihw tuot ot ot ot eht eht ecivres etomorp roop ,elpoep dnal ti ti egami rof laitnesse regae ssimsid ,strecnoc .ytic tseisub sretsoob sa sa sa dna dna tropria ssecca a a dlroW repuS ,sruoF laniF AFIF puC scitirC ,slwoB kcalB écnoyeB s’atnaltA nO“ nO“ srekrow saw saw niart eht eht taht taht metsys ega-ecaps ,keels gnivas dias setuor deiler rosseforp ”.yltcefrep ,rehto eno ”,no diam ti ,dnah yhpargoeg rof .etile citsemod noitcidartnoc gnispalloc derutpac ssenisub sub gnidliub ta tuoba tuoba a a a .ytisrevinU esohT etatS naS ATRAM nosaJ ,nosredneH ocsicnarF tisnart ,yadot esoht eht eht eht metsys llits gnivres sregnessap fo ylraen ni tnirpmi tsegral-hthgie ,yad .seciohc seirrac sa a ,.S.U ATRAM nevE 000,004 — — s’dlrow ssalc-dlrow elihw tuot ot ot ot eht eht ecivres etomorp roop ,elpoep dnal ti ti egami rof laitnesse regae ssimsid ,strecnoc .ytic tseisub sretsoob sa sa sa dna dna tropria ssecca a a dlroW repuS ,sruoF laniF AFIF puC scitirC ,slwoB kcalB écnoyeB s’atnaltA nO“ nO“ srekrow saw saw niart eht eht taht taht metsys ega-ecaps ,keels gnivas dias setuor deiler rosseforp ”.yltcefrep ,rehto eno ”,no diam ti ,dnah yhpargoeg rof .etile citsemod noitcidartnoc gnispalloc derutpac ssenisub sub gnidliub ta tuoba tuoba a a a .ytisrevinU esohT etatS naS ATRAM nosaJ ,nosredneH ocsicnarF esohw tisnart ot deit eht eht metsys sbrubus sevres .lanoiger eno fo fo reven rojam rojam ekil tsuj si wef seitnuoc ytic ytic seitic seitic ,sretnec emaceb dna dna dna elihW ,notgnihsaW .S.U naS ATRAM notluF ocsicnarF blaKeD ,.C.D .atnaltA atnaltA detov ot yldetaeper .eno netfo fo snigram ti ruof ,nwod seitnuoc yb nabrubuS detov ot yldetaeper .eno netfo fo snigram ti ruof ,nwod seitnuoc yb nabrubuS erahS“ — dluow denraw seulav srekcits deeps :dereens laicar ytreporp rewol ti .noitargetni tropmi ,emirc dna troppuS stnenoppO ”.ATRAM emirC repmuB atnaltA erahS“ — dluow denraw seulav srekcits deeps :dereens laicar ytreporp rewol ti .noitargetni tropmi ,emirc dna troppuS stnenoppO ”.ATRAM emirC repmuB atnaltA gnivoM“ derepsihw taht doots ylnepo rof ylevisired hguorhT yldipaR srehtO ATRAM ”.atnaltA snacirfA ehT“ tahT“ — — etorw ohw ”,setihw yaw saw saw deifiliv noitatropsnart eht eht .sexat nabrubus dias tnemtneser dezilaicar ,ecar esarhp no fo fo reven tsuj .noitargetni sih raef noitatressid derutpac yb emaceb hsalkcab ta dna dna tuoba tuoba ytisrevinU ATRAM tI ,nosredneH .aigroeG atnaltA cilbuP“ lufetsaw saw tisnart nees ,suoregnad sa dna ”.kcalB dluow etihw sretov ot ot eht eht eht taht metsys sbrubus .trats detcejer smudnerefer enilepip fo ,nioj otni morf deggod gninifnoc ytic gniyrrac emoceb dna dna a ATRAM ATRAM ttenniwG ,notluF sraeF blaKeD ,bboC notyalC kcalB snatnaltA .atnaltA ehT“ tahT“ — — etorw ohw ”,setihw yaw saw saw deifiliv noitatropsnart eht eht .sexat nabrubus dias tnemtneser dezilaicar ,ecar esarhp no fo fo reven tsuj .noitargetni sih raef noitatressid derutpac yb emaceb hsalkcab ta dna dna tuoba tuoba ytisrevinU ATRAM tI ,nosredneH .aigroeG atnaltA cilbuP“ lufetsaw saw tisnart nees ,suoregnad sa dna ”.kcalB dluow etihw sretov ot ot eht eht eht taht metsys sbrubus .trats detcejer smudnerefer enilepip fo ,nioj otni morf deggod gninifnoc ytic gniyrrac emoceb dna dna a ATRAM ATRAM ttenniwG ,notluF sraeF blaKeD ,bboC notyalC kcalB snatnaltA .atnaltA MARTA: something bigger? — tisnart ot eht metsys evres lanoiger ortem tnaem sti evif seitnuoc eroc sa devorppa dna dna a ATRAM nI .ttenniwG aigroeG lareneG notluF ,blaKeD ,bboC ,notyalC atnaltA ylbmessA ,5691 — tisnart ot eht metsys evres lanoiger ortem tnaem sti evif seitnuoc eroc sa devorppa dna dna a ATRAM nI .ttenniwG aigroeG lareneG notluF ,blaKeD ,bboC ,notyalC atnaltA ylbmessA ,5691 srekrow dnuorgrednu sniart gnihtemos sreppohs etavirp ,krowten nredom .siloportem gniknil dah denoisivne paehc tub sesub sub sretsoob gnimoob :reggib dna dna ydaerla ssorca a a atnaltA sretov eht eht detcejer nalp ,repap .thgirtuo rehto no dekool ,ti .yletaidemmi aedi doog ruof skcarc seitnuoc tub devorppa deraeppa dna elihW ehT bboC atnaltA ,neht eht etats laer tup reven yenom .ti dniheb nevE dluow htiw ohw sretov ot eht eht eht sredir detcejer ,lasoporp xat-ytreporp nalp .snoitarepo fo sdeen elttil ,sredael tupni ni derongi morf ecnanif detfarc seitnuoc eroc ytinummoc ,civic ssenisub emoceb .enobkcab dna dna a ehT s’ATRAM nI kcalB atnaltA ,8691 sretov detcejer ti kcalB .1-ot-2 sihT“ fO“ tsew ”.citsilaernu ,elbatpeccanu tisnart yllatot ot ot eht eht eht eht metsys edis evres dias ”,noitalupop ,nalp denepo ylno fo fo fo selim selim gnidael egral si etauqedani ni evah dekramrae citirc yb neeb eb dna dna a orgeN efiL esseJ ecnarusnI ,lliH ynapmoC OEC denwo-kcalB atnaltA 3.4 63 ,5791 .8691 dluow htiw ohw sretov ot eht eht eht sredir detcejer ,lasoporp xat-ytreporp nalp .snoitarepo fo sdeen elttil ,sredael tupni ni derongi morf ecnanif detfarc seitnuoc eroc ytinummoc ,civic ssenisub emoceb .enobkcab dna dna a ehT s’ATRAM nI kcalB atnaltA ,8691 sretov detcejer ti kcalB .1-ot-2 sihT“ fO“ tsew ”.citsilaernu ,elbatpeccanu tisnart yllatot ot ot eht eht eht eht metsys edis evres dias ”,noitalupop ,nalp denepo ylno fo fo fo selim selim gnidael egral si etauqedani ni evah dekramrae citirc yb neeb eb dna dna a orgeN efiL esseJ ecnarusnI ,lliH ynapmoC OEC denwo-kcalB atnaltA 3.4 63 ,5791 .8691 Atlanta insurance executive Jesse Hill was the CEO of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company and the first black president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. Street named for him: Jesse Hill Jr. Drive (formerly called Butler Street). (Michael Crain/AJC file photo) — — yaw ot rieht eht .elbat sthgir sredael gnidulcni decrof livic dna stsivitca lliH yB kcalB ,1791 .sraey etihw ot ot hguorht eht eht rups neves desiver detcelfer liar detomorp esimorp ,tcejorp ,nalp ,krowten ,sdoohrobhgien ytironim ,royam enil tsal ecneulfni dedulcni gnisuoh dloh gnirih ,seetnaraug rof seraf dednapxe tsew-tsae gnitcartnoc stnec yb sub ta dna dna dna na na tsivitca a a maS yrreP ,llessaM semoH kcalB s’atnaltA A 51 .sraey etihw ot ot hguorht eht eht rups neves desiver detcelfer liar detomorp esimorp ,tcejorp ,nalp ,krowten ,sdoohrobhgien ytironim ,royam enil tsal ecneulfni dedulcni gnisuoh dloh gnirih ,seetnaraug rof seraf dednapxe tsew-tsae gnitcartnoc stnec yb sub ta dna dna dna na na tsivitca a a maS yrreP ,llessaM semoH kcalB s’atnaltA A 51 March 1, 1972 - Atlanta Mayor Sam Massell rides the Atlanta bus system, MARTA. J.A. Hawkins is the bus operator. (Robert Connell/AJC file) sretov eht detroppus nalp .ylgnimlehwrevo ni kcalB atnaltA gnidnecsnarT“ s’ATRAM“ snoissecnoC“ hcihw syaw saw noitatropsnart ot eht eht emos noitagerges dias ,gninnalp ”.noitapicitrap noitapicitrap fo fo ”,edam ni ni dah gnimochtrof serolpxe .are ylrae gnirud noitaerc civic civic eb rohtua dna dna na tca ,smailliW noitatropsnarT ,ecaR rawtsoP gninnalP ,ytiliboM s’ATRAM kcalB :sreirraB ,atnaltA naciremA nacirfA ”,5791—4491 sretov eht detroppus nalp .ylgnimlehwrevo ni kcalB atnaltA gnidnecsnarT“ s’ATRAM“ snoissecnoC“ hcihw syaw saw noitatropsnart ot eht eht emos noitagerges dias ,gninnalp ”.noitapicitrap noitapicitrap fo fo ”,edam ni ni dah gnimochtrof serolpxe .are ylrae gnirud noitaerc civic civic eb rohtua dna dna na tca ,smailliW noitatropsnarT ,ecaR rawtsoP gninnalP ,ytiliboM s’ATRAM kcalB :sreirraB ,atnaltA naciremA nacirfA ”,5791—4491 Suburbs pump the brakes ssalc-gnikrow htiw etihw hcihw detnaw eht eht dellews sthgir ,noitcejer trap fo on .ti dah gnieelf seilimaf ,are ylrae gnirud ,seitnuoc livic ytic dna ttenniwG gniwolloF s’bboC notyalC esohT“ ehT“ eW‘ — dluow yhw ohw ew :saw sretov ”’?tisnart hguorht taerht yeht eht ytilibaniatsus nabrubus was emas dias smargorp gniliaverp serusserp won tsuj ti gnitivni etivni noitargetni ni dah ”,delf depacse stcerid kcab edutitta ta sa a ,smailliW .ytisrevinU ATRAM aibmuloC ,atnaltA — — dluow denraw detatsnu dootsrednu sniart rieht taht sredir cilbup stnenoppo ,sgniteem otni ,emirc noitsegnoc .seitinummoc tub gnirb dna nI kcalB ssalc-gnikrow htiw etihw hcihw detnaw eht eht dellews sthgir ,noitcejer trap fo on .ti dah gnieelf seilimaf ,are ylrae gnirud ,seitnuoc livic ytic dna ttenniwG gniwolloF s’bboC notyalC esohT“ ehT“ eW‘ — dluow yhw ohw ew :saw sretov ”’?tisnart hguorht taerht yeht eht ytilibaniatsus nabrubus was emas dias smargorp gniliaverp serusserp won tsuj ti gnitivni etivni noitargetni ni dah ”,delf depacse stcerid kcab edutitta ta sa a ,smailliW .ytisrevinU ATRAM aibmuloC ,atnaltA — — dluow denraw detatsnu dootsrednu sniart rieht taht sredir cilbup stnenoppo ,sgniteem otni ,emirc noitsegnoc .seitinummoc tub gnirb dna nI kcalB ehT“ sraey dekrow saw pu ot eht eht demmus nabrubus os ees ,sloohcs nosaer ,noitullop :tesdnim ”’.em ynam rotalsigel ti fi teg morf rof wollof ,setabed denmad ,emirc eb dab yawa dna dna lla a ll’I ll’I I aigroeG gniruD kcots“ htiw tnew ot ot eht gnisimorp ”ahnarip .tuo peek ,rehtruf renoissimmoc ATRAM ytnuoC bboC eehcoohattahC A tuohtiw elihw noitatropsnart tisnart ciffart eht sbrubus egats tes lanoiger lasufer ssam gnivael yawhgih ,snoitareneg rof rof .dedolpxe eritne ,sisirc a ehT atnaltA“ etihw tahw saw rieht eht ”.xat metsys ,troppus nabrubus ,stnediser deiler .detcejer lanoiger no ffo srobhgien ylegral gnidnuf morf tuc scitirc ytic dellac a ,ATRAM tI ,kcalB The human cost of progress eht semitemos fo .sdoohrobhgien elbativeni esnepxe noisnapxe emac ta s’ATRAM kcalB saw saw eht eht eht taht taht noitats elbissop ylno fo fo seton edam ni ni yllacirotsih gnimaelg dednuof noitcurtsed ytinummoc yb a notelttiL xoneL eceiNaL ,nwotnosnhoJ yrotsiH retneC daehkcuB kcalB atnaltA .3191 Morning commuters exit a southbound MARTA train at the Buckhead transit station in Atlanta, Thursday, May 31, 2018. (Alyssa Pointer/AJC) yehT“ erehT“ dluow ohw yaw saw niart ot ot ot ereht rieht eht eht eht ”,noitats noitats .dias lasoporp evreserp evom ekam tsol devil wenk tsuj ti .semoh .neppah dah rof rof teef seilimaf neve decalpsid t’ndid sedaced ytinummoc tub eb a notelttiL ,nwotnosnhoJ ,daetsnI 006 seitreporP“ — htrow htlaew dnasuoht s’taht taht dlos tis no won snoillim dnal lanoitareneg rof wef ”.desare srallod a yehT“ erehT“ dluow ohw yaw saw niart ot ot ot ereht rieht eht eht eht ”,noitats noitats .dias lasoporp evreserp evom ekam tsol devil wenk tsuj ti .semoh .neppah dah rof rof teef seilimaf neve decalpsid t’ndid sedaced ytinummoc tub eb a notelttiL ,nwotnosnhoJ ,daetsnI 006 seitreporP“ — htrow htlaew dnasuoht s’taht taht dlos tis no won snoillim dnal lanoitareneg rof wef ”.desare srallod a eht eht ,setuor fo fo derorrim diam cigol erusare .dedda ehT notelttiL nwotnosnhoJ — etihw etihw elihw erew elbisiv nabru noitatropsnart sevlesmeht eht devres lawener stcejorp ro ylno sdoohrobhgien edam robal ti sdlohesuoh raf .elbadnepxe stcirtsid demeed ,yrtnuoc ssenisub htob sa sa dna ssorca ekiL kcalB kcalB sihT“ yrotsiH“ s’tahw eht .yrots ehs .dias staeper tsuj .flesti t’nsi ni deneppah ”,t’nod ”.yrtnuoc seitic ,segnahc tub sedutitta na ssorca emiT s’tI atnaltA erehw erew saw tisnart eht eht sbrubus snoitats keels tluser hcaer liar ,retemirep fo nrehtron on .gnivom nredom sboj ti otni edisni :deniartsnoc srac tub htob gnimoob dna dna suoitibma lla ehT nihtiw noitatropsnart eht eht lobmys krats depahs ecar scitilop .ytinutroppo fo fo senil woh yhpargoeg ytnuoc tnemenifnoc emaceb dna dna a s’ATRAM yB ,s0991 s0891 tsoM“ nI“ — htiw tisnart niart ot er’yeht yeht eht eht eht eht ekat tfihs .dias pihsredir cilbup ”,ytrevop nwo ylgnimlehwrevo ro ylno si fi fi gniog .yhpargoeg t’nod scihpargomed rac yb semoceb detaicossa .tropria a smailliW ,htuoS ATRAM nevE ,retneC ”.kcalB woleB snatnaltA strA klaw owt eht selddarts trohs roines elbmur nwo netfo fo sevael ti daetsni ,emoh sih sih sah morf ,modeerf gnisoohc rac tub ta ta dna a a ,noitatS ,ttocS ,loohcS .ATRAM ekaL haduJ eH tsaE werD retrahC .satnaltA dlo-raey-71 Judah Scott commutes to Georgia State University on MARTA from East Lake station in Atlanta on Tuesday, Sept. 23, 2025. (Arvin Temkar/AJC) htiw erehw ,keew niart ot ot ,semit eht sedir tuo ni spoh s’eh eh eh gnah barg .sdneirf doof dellorne ylrae nwotnwod egelloc .sessalc dna a ,ytisrevinU eciwT etatS rehtO aigroeG I“ tA“ t’nsaw saw saw litnu ,emit ,neht eht taht trats ecnis .dias gnidir gnidir dezilaer ecno .suovren flesym ti ti ,tsrif tsrif t’ndid did ”.yltnatsnoc yb neeb .dab ttocS ATRAM ev’I I I I I revE tuB ”,61 .krow htiw elihw stneduts :mhtyhr tcelfer ,ecar snrettap fo emoh gnidaeh morf llif yreve sgnineve detanimod yb redaorb era a esohT sgninroM kcalB snatnaltA .krow htiw elihw stneduts :mhtyhr tcelfer ,ecar snrettap fo emoh gnidaeh morf llif yreve sgnineve detanimod yb redaorb era a esohT sgninroM kcalB snatnaltA Judah Scott exits at the Georgia State University MARTA stop in Atlanta on Tuesday, Sept. 23, 2025. (Arvin Temkar/AJC) tI“ I“ nehw niart eht eht ekat .dias trap fo ekil otni eltsuh eh sleef yojne ”.nwotnwod ytic ”,eltsub dna a m’I I — taht gnidir ,srehto .ytissecen sekam efil si si sih .reisae ecneinevnoc eciohc a a a ,ttocS ATRAM ATRAM roF roF — taht gnidir ,srehto .ytissecen sekam efil si si sih .reisae ecneinevnoc eciohc a a a ,ttocS ATRAM ATRAM roF roF Transit dependency dednufrednu“ ylgnimlehwrevo“ ohw elihw erew saw nopu ,tnedneped-tisnart ot eht eht eht taht taht dnet nabrubus seiduts nrehtuos sredir ”.ecnatsiser troper deiler ”noiger elpoep strap fo fo devresbo seitironim emocni-wol evil ni evah dnuof deniartsnoc ytic yb yb gnieb dna dna dna dna a lareveS ATRAM noitutitsnI sgnikoorB %08 0002 ohw yaw eht eht eht eht rehcaet metsys seiler ytilaer no fo ni .reh evah snoitareneg rof erofeb ta a s’tahT loohcS muesuM aileruL ,nameerF ,setatsE kcalB eladnovA snatnaltA dednufrednu“ ylgnimlehwrevo“ ohw elihw erew saw nopu ,tnedneped-tisnart ot eht eht eht taht taht dnet nabrubus seiduts nrehtuos sredir ”.ecnatsiser troper deiler ”noiger elpoep strap fo fo devresbo seitironim emocni-wol evil ni evah dnuof deniartsnoc ytic yb yb gnieb dna dna dna dna a lareveS ATRAM noitutitsnI sgnikoorB %08 0002 ohw yaw eht eht eht eht rehcaet metsys seiler ytilaer no fo ni .reh evah snoitareneg rof erofeb ta a s’tahT loohcS muesuM aileruL ,nameerF ,setatsE kcalB eladnovA snatnaltA Lurelia Freeman rides an escalator at a MARTA station in Atlanta for her commute from work on Tuesday, Sept. 30, 2025. (Arvin Temkar/AJC) — tahw tahw eht eht taht ehs ehs setuor rednimer no fo ton diam si si reh gnileurg yltcaxe .sesipsed sdneped yliad yliad etummoc osla a elihW ,s0791 ,yadkeew eht yltrohs .setuor eno dlo fo raen diam sevael reh s’ytic tnemtrapa dna retfa ,.m.a noitatS edishtroN nameerF hcaE ,evirD citnaltA 5 — — klaw klaw detaroprocninu owt :kert sniart ot ot ot ot ot emit hguorht neht eht eht ,pots ehs ehs .loohcs ni reh reh sah rof tsrif derudne tsae ytud krad moorssalc sub sub tsafkaerb ta ta sevirra dna ydaerla ,.m.a a a a a a ,stnioP eviF blaKeD ,retneC yB eladnovA strA etunim-09 03:6 etunim-52 Lurelia Freeman rides a MARTA train in Atlanta for her commute from work on Tuesday, Sept. 30, 2025. (Arvin Temkar/AJC) I“ I“ ”,ot ot rehcaet .dias nwo ”.noitpo ylno ym ekam ti si evah hguone t’nod od .rac esuaceb sa a a ATRAM I nameerF — htiw nehw saw niart koot ot eht eht .metsys ehs ,efas gnidir srebmemer edirp ecno wen evitan ni sdneirf .elbadneped ,naelc ehS ATRAM xoneL ,natnaltA A ehT“ ,woN“ ,krow .efasnu ,elbatciderpnu sselnu sniart s’ereht eht ehs ecivres ees dias sredir ecilop reven ”,ti ”.elbisivni .suodnerroh etah sah .gnineppah nettog .yltalf ,yhtlif leef tneve t’nseod gib era era era ppa dna a uoY ATRAM I I yliaD sesuB Lurelia Freeman rides a MARTA train in Atlanta for her commute from work on Tuesday, Sept. 30, 2025. (Arvin Temkar/AJC) — ssalc-gnikrow lausiv efasnu rieht eht eht metsys stneduts ffats sredir stnerap fo fo ,sgninrom ,xim .nem nioj gnidulcni woh sah ,gnineve detrocse euc nerdlihc yb eveileb .emoceb dnuora era tuoba a drawdooW tsoM nameerF yB kcalB ymedacA %09 — raey yadkeew niart eht eht naht stcepsus keels gnivres ytiruces devas dias .sredir rehtar sedarap ton wen decudortni reh flah ,semag rof gnirud gnirud yliad strecnoc .etummoc srac tub gnieb era sraeppa dna dna oga a a dlroW ehS ehS snoclaF puC 6202 — raey yadkeew niart eht eht naht stcepsus keels gnivres ytiruces devas dias .sredir rehtar sedarap ton wen decudortni reh flah ,semag rof gnirud gnirud yliad strecnoc .etummoc srac tub gnieb era sraeppa dna dna oga a a dlroW ehS ehS snoclaF puC 6202 ATRAM“ s’tI“ ohw stnaw ot eht eht ehs gnivres gnivres .dias elpoep elpoep deen ”,tsom ti ti t’nsi ”.sserpmi Lurelia Freeman waits at Arts Center MARTA station Atlanta for her commute from work on Tuesday, September 30, 2025. (Arvin Temkar / AJC) eht“ — elihw tahw ,gnitiaw ”lausu gniyrt pirt niart .skcart ot .emit eht eht lacinhcet dellats enoemos ehs ,smelborp srepap ro no no fo tsom ekam ,emoh reh reh dedarg seicnegreme deyaled sllac yb ta ehS ,kraP ,yadnoM tsaL s’nameerF reldnaC etunim-09 eht“ — elihw tahw ,gnitiaw ”lausu gniyrt pirt niart .skcart ot .emit eht eht lacinhcet dellats enoemos ehs ,smelborp srepap ro no no fo tsom ekam ,emoh reh reh dedarg seicnegreme deyaled sllac yb ta ehS ,kraP ,yadnoM tsaL s’nameerF reldnaC etunim-09 ot os ehs on ynam ekil ,reh sah .erudne eciohc tub erofeb ,teY snatnaltA I“ tuohtiw .dias evil ”,ti t’nac nameerF I“ tuohtiw .dias evil ”,ti t’nac nameerF Race, politics and the future — ohw ,tnegru serocsrednu hturt tisnart eht eht eht taht sehcterts llits noitulos tfihs sredir lanoiger no deen tsom erom ti si reh sworg rof ecneirepxe dneped scihpargomed denifed :etummoc yb dnoyeb sa s’aera dna a a ATRAM s’nameerF nevE kcalB .snatnaltA levart ot ot dias yldetaeper detcejer on snoillim ,nioj ni sah .semag rof neve stpmetta sa yllaunna dna anrymS ttenniwG ytnuoC bboC sevarB atnaltA .0202 9102 ,0991 ,1791 levart ot ot dias yldetaeper detcejer on snoillim ,nioj ni sah .semag rof neve stpmetta sa yllaunna dna anrymS ttenniwG ytnuoC bboC sevarB atnaltA .0202 9102 ,0991 ,1791 ereht yam .epoh eb tuB htiw gnitov pu gnidnert yam rof yllanif ,scihpargomed gnignahc gnihctac eb dna dna dna .kconraW yecatS leahpaR ffossO noJ eoJ ttenniwG citarcomeD bboC ,nediB s’atnaltA ,smarbA ATRAM“ tuB“ — tuohtiw deulav ot eht os dias ecar hcum tsom erom detimil timil .ti ti ti si fi .nairotsih t’ndah worg rof dluoc seunitnoc tonnac eb tessa dna a ,smailliW ”.ATRAM ”,atnaltA atnaltA htiw gnitov pu gnidnert yam rof yllanif ,scihpargomed gnignahc gnihctac eb dna dna dna .kconraW yecatS leahpaR ffossO noJ eoJ ttenniwG citarcomeD bboC ,nediB s’atnaltA ,smarbA ATRAM“ tuB“ — tuohtiw deulav ot eht os dias ecar hcum tsom erom detimil timil .ti ti ti si fi .nairotsih t’ndah worg rof dluoc seunitnoc tonnac eb tessa dna a ,smailliW ”.ATRAM ”,atnaltA atnaltA etihw nehw saw eht eht detcejer ,retal tsuj sah .deppilf ytnuoc ytnuoc yrutnec dna a ,ATRAM nI flaH notyalC .kcalB %59 %5 ,0791 etihw elihw ot ot ot eht eht eht noitalupop noitalupop fo sah sah nworg morf morf nellaf atad delipmoc yb ta gnidrocca ytisrevinU ehT metsyS lanoitaN .atosenniM noitamrofnI lacirotsiH cihpargoeG susneC kcalB 000,28 ,000,52 ,000,502 000,021 .etihw si dna tuoba ,yadoT notyalC kcalB %07 %01 detov ot ot eht emos s’noiger tseroop fo won ,sdoohrobhgien nioj emoh yllanif .ATRAM nI notyalC kcalB ,4102 detov ot ot eht emos s’noiger tseroop fo won ,sdoohrobhgien nioj emoh yllanif .ATRAM nI notyalC kcalB ,4102 htiw tisnart ,emit eht eht taht sepahs depahs seires hcraes stcejorp ,tsap no fo fo fo lanoisacco wen ortem gnikool pihsredael si si si ni eguh .noziroh erutuf tnerruc sdaorssorc lacitirc yb ta ta ta dna dna na ycnega a a a ehT ATRAM ATRAM erutuF .atnaltA
